Pragmatics and Semantics
Many of the current pragmatics theories based on philosophy focus on semantics. Brandom for instance is focused on the meaning of words (albeit from a pragmatic perspective).
Others choose an approach that is more holistic to pragmatics, like relevance theory, that aims to determine how an utterance is understood by the hearer. This view tends to ignore other aspects of pragmatics, like epistemic discussions on truth.
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Pragmatism is a philosophical approach that provides a different perspective to analytic philosophy and continental philosophy. It was developed by Charles Sanders Peirce, and extended by his friend and colleague William James, and later developed by Josiah Royce. It was influential in a variety of areas of inquiry that ranged from theology to philosophy of science, but also found a place within the philosophy of ethics, politics, philosophy of language, aesthetics and social theory. The pragmatist traditions continues to grow.
The pragmatic principle is at the heart of classical pragmatism. It is a principle that clarifies the meaning of hypotheses by examining their 'practical implications', or their implications for the experience of specific situations. This gives rise to a distinctive epistemological outlook that is a kind of 'inquiry-based epistemology' as well as an anti-Cartesian explication of the rules that govern inquiry. Early pragmatists, however, largely split over the question of whether pragmatism ought to think of itself as a philosophical system that is based on a monism regarding truth (following Peirce), or a broad-based alethic pluralism (James and Dewey).
A central issue for philosophers of the pragmatist tradition is understanding what knowledge actually is. Certain pragmatists like Rorty tend to be skeptical of knowledge based on the basis of 'instantaneous experiences. Others, like Peirce or James are skeptical of the correspondence theory, which asserts that the most authentic beliefs are those that accurately reflect reality.
Pragmatism also focuses on the relationship between reality, beliefs, and human rationality. It examines the importance of values and virtues, as well as the meaning and purpose of existence. Pragmatists have also developed a broad variety of ideas and methods in areas such as semiotics, philosophy of language, philosophy of religion, philosophy of science, ethics, and theology. Some, such as Peirce or Royce, are epistemological relativism, while others contend that this kind of relativism is misguided. The late 20th century saw an increase in interest in classical pragmatics. This led to a number new developments. These include a "near-side" pragmatics that is focused on the resolution of ambiguity, indexicals, demonstratives and anaphors. There is also the "far-side" pragmatics which analyzes the semantics in discourses.
What is the connection between what you say and what you do?
Semantics and Pragmatics are often viewed as being on opposite ends of the continuum with semantics on the near side and pragmatics on the far side. Carston, for example, argues that there are at most three general types of modern pragmatics: those who view it as a philosophy based on the lines of Grice or others who focus on its interaction with grammar and those who are concerned with utterance interpretation. Near-side pragmatics is thought to include such issues as resolution of ambiguity and vagueness, reference to proper names, indexicals, demonstratives, anaphors, and presupposition. It is also believed to cover some problems that require definite descriptions.
What is the connection between pragmatics and semantics?
The study of pragmatics is the study and application of meaning in language within a context. It is a component of linguistics that studies the way that people employ language to convey various meanings. It is often contrasted with semantics, which looks at the literal meaning of words in the context of a sentence or a larger portion of discourse.
The relationship between pragmatics, semantics and their interrelationship is a complex one. The main distinction is that pragmatics takes into account different factors other than the literal meanings of words, which includes the intended meaning as well as the context that a statement was made. This lets a more naive understanding of the meaning of a statement. Semantics also considers the relationship between words while pragmatics concentrates more on the relationships between the interlocutors as well as their context.
In recent decades Neopragmatism has primarily focused on the philosophy of metaphilosophy and language. It has largely abandoned the value theories and metaphysics of classical pragmatism. Neopragmatists are currently working on an ethics of metaphysics based on ideas of classical pragmatism about practicality and experience.
Charles Sanders Peirce, William James and others were the first to create classical pragmatics. Both were influential thinkers who published a number of books. Their writings are still popular today.
Although pragmatism offers an alternative to the continental and analytic philosophical mainstream, it is not without its critics. For instance some philosophers have claimed that pragmatism is simply a form of deconstructionism and is not truly a new philosophical approach.
In addition to these critics, the pragmatism of the past was challenged by scientific and technical developments. Pragmatists, for example, have had a difficult time reconciling their views on science with the development of the theory of evolution which was conceived by Richard Dawkins, a non-pragmatist.
Despite these challenges, pragmatism is still growing in popularity across the globe. It is a third alternative to analytic and Continental philosophical traditions, and has a wide range of practical applications. It is a rapidly growing field of inquiry and has many schools of thought developing and incorporating aspects of pragmatism into their own philosophical framework. Whether you are interested in learning more about pragmatism, or applying it in your daily life, there are many sources available.